{
 "jurisdiction_id": "MZ",
 "jurisdiction": "Mozambique",
 "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-09-11",
 "schema_version": "world-payments-v1",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 14,
  "sourced_findings": 72,
  "source_register": 132
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "W1a",
   "name": "Licensing, Authorisation & Market Access",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w1a-licensing-authorisation-market-access",
   "standing_position": "Banco de Moçambique underwent a leadership transition in early September 2026: Felisberto Dinis Navalha was sworn in as Governor, succeeding Rogério Zandamela whose second and final five-year term expired, after a brief, publicly-reversed initial appointment of a different nominee. The prudential/conduct architecture under Law No. 20/2020 and its implementing Decree No. 50/2024 is otherwise unchanged; BM continued its innovation-policy track with the 8th Regulatory Sandbox call.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary law + implementing decree",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/licensing/licensing-of-institutions/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/licensing/licensing-of-institutions/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "implementing decree",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/licensing/licensing-of-institutions/",
     "source_url": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "organic law",
     "source": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_url": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary law",
     "source": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_url": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "sectoral licensing (e-money)",
     "source": "https://www.mozambiqueexpert.com/en/mozambiqu-mobile-money-operators-mmo/",
     "source_url": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "registration regime (VASP)",
     "source": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_url": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "primary banking law",
     "source": "https://www.mozambiqueexpert.com/en/mozambique-banking-sector/",
     "source_url": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W1b",
   "name": "Conduct, Safeguarding & Financial Promotions",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w1b-conduct-safeguarding-financial-promotions",
   "standing_position": "BdM directly supervises market conduct of all credit institutions, financial companies and IMEs via Notices (e.g. 8/GBM/2021 on contractual terms/transparency, 9/GBM/2020 on complaints handling) issued under Law 20/2020. Depositor protection runs through a formal Deposit Guarantee Fund (FGD) established in 2024, though a dedicated EMI-specific safeguarding/segregation regime for e-money float remains less codified than the bank-deposit regime.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "conduct notice",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/supervision/conduct/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/supervision/conduct/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "complaints handling notice",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/supervision/conduct/",
     "source_url": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "deposit guarantee regulation",
     "source": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_url": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "resolution regime",
     "source": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_url": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://responsiblefinance.worldbank.org/content/dam/documents/responsible-finance/Mozambique-Diagnostic-Review---Banking-and-Non-Banking-Credit-Institutions---V-II.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-central-bank-fines-nine-financial-institutions-for-violating-regulations-275645/",
     "source_url": "https://practiceguides.chambers.com/practice-guides/banking-regulation-2026/mozambique",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W2",
   "name": "Stablecoins & Digital Money",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w2-stablecoins-digital-money",
   "standing_position": "Aviso No. 4/GBM/2026 establishes new limits on outbound payments abroad made via bank cards, revoking Aviso No. 9/GBM/2025 of 9 December 2025. The specific new limit value has not been resolved from indexed source text this cycle.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://freemanlaw.com/cryptocurrency/mozambique/",
     "source_url": "https://cryptovanguards.com/best-crypto-exchanges-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "VASP registration (Aviso 4/GBM/2023)",
     "source": "https://incfine.com/en/obtaining-a-crypto-license-in-mozambique/",
     "source_url": "https://cryptovanguards.com/best-crypto-exchanges-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://cryptovanguards.com/best-crypto-exchanges-in-mozambique/",
     "source_url": "https://cryptovanguards.com/best-crypto-exchanges-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.transfi.com/blog/stablecoin-payments-in-mozambique-unlocking-crypto-remittances-and-local-payments",
     "source_url": "https://cryptovanguards.com/best-crypto-exchanges-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://blog.mexc.com/wiki/is-crypto-legal-in-mozambique/",
     "source_url": "https://cryptovanguards.com/best-crypto-exchanges-in-mozambique/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W3",
   "name": "Operational Resilience & Critical Infrastructure",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w3-operational-resilience-critical-infrastructure",
   "standing_position": "Mozambique's operational-resilience regime is emergent: a 2018 vendor licensing dispute caused a nationwide SIMORede payment-system blackout, exposing third-party dependency risk. Parliament unanimously approved a Cybersecurity Law in April 2026, and the government is mapping Critical Information Infrastructure (CII) with World Bank support, alongside INTIC-led cybersecurity/cybercrime frameworks and a national CSIRT integrated into FIRST.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_url": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Cybersecurity Law",
     "source": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_url": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_url": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-digital-economy",
     "source_url": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.mozambiqueexpert.com/en/mozambique-banking-sector/",
     "source_url": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://furtherafrica.com/2026/03/24/risk-management-resilience-mozambique/",
     "source_url": "https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/protecting-mozambique-digital-future-cyber-resilience-for-jobs-trust-and-growth-",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W4",
   "name": "Scheme & Network Compliance",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w4-scheme-network-compliance",
   "standing_position": "The national card/payment switch is operated by SIMO (Sociedade Interbancária de Moçambique) in partnership with US firm Euronet, which has replaced the legacy SIMOrede platform since 2018/2023 to bring ATM/POS infrastructure into line with international contactless standards. Visa dominates card acceptance (over 90% share) while the Euronet migration caused recurring Mastercard acceptance disruption. Mozambique also participates in the SADC-RTGS/SIRESS regional card-scheme cooperation network.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-digital-economy",
     "source_url": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-09-08"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.oficinatic.com/en/novas/mastercard-status-mocambique/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-09-08"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regional settlement scheme",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/payment-systems/cooperation-with-the-market/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-09-08"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "scheme rulebook (Notice 1/GBM/2026)",
     "source": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-09-08"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W5",
   "name": "Payment Corridor Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w5-payment-corridor-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Mozambique's primary formal cross-border corridor runs through the SADC-RTGS (ZAR-denominated) settlement system, joined in 2016, alongside potential PAPSS/COMESA REPSS interlinking. Formal remittance volumes from South Africa to Mozambique have declined sharply (down 36% since a 2022 peak), pushing flows toward informal channels, even as the new domestic instant-payment system (SPIM/METIX) went live in 2026 to modernise retail transfers.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.resbank.co.za/content/dam/sarb/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/cross-border-payments-conference/documents/paper-sa-sadc.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.resbank.co.za/en/home/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/SADC-RTGS",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "regional RTGS scheme",
     "source": "https://www.resbank.co.za/en/home/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/SADC-RTGS",
     "source_url": "https://aimnews.org/2026/03/16/banco-central-lanca-sistema-de-pagamentos-instantaneos/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Notice 1/GBM/2026",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_url": "https://www.resbank.co.za/content/dam/sarb/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/cross-border-payments-conference/documents/paper-sa-sadc.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "METIX platform",
     "source": "https://aimnews.org/2026/03/16/banco-central-lanca-sistema-de-pagamentos-instantaneos/",
     "source_url": "https://www.resbank.co.za/content/dam/sarb/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/cross-border-payments-conference/documents/paper-sa-sadc.pdf",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "PAPSS interlinking",
     "source": "https://www.boz.zm/payment-systems/regional-payment-systems",
     "source_url": "https://www.resbank.co.za/content/dam/sarb/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/cross-border-payments-conference/documents/paper-sa-sadc.pdf",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W6",
   "name": "Industry Structure & Commercial Dynamics",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w6-industry-structure-commercial-dynamics",
   "standing_position": "Mozambique's financial sector is bank-dominated by three institutions (Millennium BIM, BCI, Standard Bank) controlling over 70% of assets, alongside 15 commercial banks and 12 microbanks in total; but usage is dominated by mobile money, with three MNO-affiliated IMEs (M-Pesa, e-Mola, M-Kesh) covering far more accounts than traditional banks. The standalone fintech/startup ecosystem remains nascent and largely telecom/bank-linked rather than venture-driven.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.mozambiqueexpert.com/en/mozambique-banking-sector/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.mozambiqueexpert.com/en/mozambiqu-mobile-money-operators-mmo/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://thefintechtimes.com/fintech-in-the-east-african-nation-of-mozambique-in-2026/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/explore/fintech-startups-in-mozambique/__yCpaKPFTlkZqAiiUSM-AykzOdW_XbrZPYNwVJfO4-8A#top-companies",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W7",
   "name": "Legal & Litigation",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w7-legal-litigation",
   "standing_position": "The dominant financial-sector litigation touching Mozambique is the 'tuna bonds' hidden-debt scandal: state-guaranteed loans from Credit Suisse/VTB were later ruled illegal, leading to a 2024 English High Court judgment substantially in Mozambique's favour and a US$3.1bn award against Privinvest, alongside Credit Suisse's own ~$500m global regulatory settlement and the 2024 US conviction of former finance minister Manuel Chang. Domestically, BdM's administrative-sanctions regime is active, with recurring fines against banks and IMEs for prudential, AML/CFT, forex and consumer-protection breaches.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna_bonds",
     "source_url": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/credit-suisse-resolves-fraudulent-mozambique-loan-case-547-million-coordinated-global",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/supply-trade/mozambique-wins-usd-3-1-billion-in-lawsuit-over-tuna-bond-scandal",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/kahpjmb1/fines-imposed-on-credit-institutions.pdf",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/credit-suisse-resolves-fraudulent-mozambique-loan-case-547-million-coordinated-global",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/kahpjmb1/fines-imposed-on-credit-institutions.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/kahpjmb1/fines-imposed-on-credit-institutions.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/kahpjmb1/fines-imposed-on-credit-institutions.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/bank-of-mozambique-sanctions-commercial-banks-and-managers-aim-report-251316/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/kahpjmb1/fines-imposed-on-credit-institutions.pdf",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-central-bank-fines-nine-financial-institutions-for-violating-regulations-275645/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/kahpjmb1/fines-imposed-on-credit-institutions.pdf",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W8",
   "name": "Merchant Acquiring & Risk",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w8-merchant-acquiring-risk",
   "standing_position": "Merchant acquiring in Mozambique runs through the SIMO/Euronet national switch connecting banks and EMIs to POS/ATM infrastructure. Physical card-acceptance infrastructure has contracted slightly even as digital-wallet usage surges: POS terminals fell from 35,470 to 33,191 and ATMs from 1,413 to 1,399 in the year to November, while the ongoing Mastercard/Visa migration has created intermittent card-acceptance risk for merchants and cardholders.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.mozambiqueexpert.com/en/mozambiqu-mobile-money-operators-mmo/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.oficinatic.com/en/novas/mastercard-status-mocambique/",
     "source_url": "https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-banks-unveil-instant-payment-system/",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W9",
   "name": "Product Innovation & Market Development",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w9-product-innovation-market-development",
   "standing_position": "Mozambique's Instant Payment System, METIX, moved from regulatory approval to live operation this cycle. Established by Notice No. 1/GBM/2026 (25 February 2026), the 24/7/365 electronic retail rail was formally rolled out by the Governor in Matola around mid-August 2026 and is now accessible via internet banking, mobile apps and USSD to any account-holder at an institution connected to the SIMO network, with fee-free individual interbank transfers.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": "Regulatory Sandbox",
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/unlafn3l/comunicado_sandbox-7%C2%AA-edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/unlafn3l/comunicado_sandbox-7%C2%AA-edi%C3%A7%C3%A3o.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-09-08"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-09-08"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/media/edrlrwxe/communiqu%C3%A9-interoperability-of-mobile-money-operators-in-effect-mkesh-m-pesa-and-e-mola.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-09-08"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_url": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/media/highlights/notice-no-1-gbm-2026-establishes-the-mozambique-instant-payment-system-and-approves-its-regulation/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-09-08"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W10",
   "name": "Consumer Protection & APP Fraud",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w10-consumer-protection-app-fraud",
   "standing_position": "Circular No. 01/EMO/2026 of 27 January sets terms for submitting data for statistics on payment means/instruments and financial-access channels, with a 90-day parallel-reporting transition tied to Notice No. 05/GBM/2025 of 21 October.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/educational/financial-consumer-portal/market-conduct-and-consumer-protection/",
     "source_url": "https://responsiblefinance.worldbank.org/content/dam/documents/responsible-finance/Mozambique-Diagnostic-Review---Banking-and-Non-Banking-Credit-Institutions---V-II.pdf",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://360mozambique.com/economy/banking/bank-of-mozambique-fines-nine-financial-institutions-for-breaches-of-regulations/",
     "source_url": "https://360mozambique.com/economy/banking/bank-of-mozambique-fines-nine-financial-institutions-for-breaches-of-regulations/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://responsiblefinance.worldbank.org/content/dam/documents/responsible-finance/Mozambique-Diagnostic-Review---Banking-and-Non-Banking-Credit-Institutions---V-II.pdf",
     "source_url": "https://360mozambique.com/economy/banking/bank-of-mozambique-fines-nine-financial-institutions-for-breaches-of-regulations/",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.bancomoc.mz/en/areas-of-expertise/supervision/conduct/",
     "source_url": "https://360mozambique.com/economy/banking/bank-of-mozambique-fines-nine-financial-institutions-for-breaches-of-regulations/",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W11",
   "name": "AML/CFT & Financial Crime",
   "confidence": "Confirmed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w11-aml-cft-financial-crime",
   "standing_position": "Sentinel position: Mozambique was FATF grey-listed October 2022-October 2025 for AML/CFT deficiencies, completing all 26 action-plan items before being delisted alongside South Africa, Nigeria and Burkina Faso. New AML/CFT laws (14/2023, 15/2023) replaced the prior 2022 regime, GIFiM remains the financial-intelligence unit, and BdM has imposed transaction-limit tiers on e-money institutions given an assessed 'high' terrorism-financing threat level in that sector.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "sentinel.gi/mozambique-bdm-aml-fines",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Mozambique's AML/CFT regime is anchored in its Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Law, supervised by Banco de Moçambique and the national FIU (GIFiM). <cite index=\"119-1\">Mozambique strengthened the effectiveness of its AML/CFT regime to meet the commitments in its action plan regarding the strategic deficiencies that the FATF identified in October 2022</cite>, resulting in removal from the FATF grey list in October 2025, though capacity gaps persist in BO collection, FIU resourcing, and supervision of extractive and NPO sectors.",
     "instrument_type": "assessment",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) per-JID baseline profile — Mozambique",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: sourcing-thinness",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-003)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Enforcement: Swiss Federal Criminal Court — UBS Group AG (as successor to Credit Suisse)",
     "instrument_type": "enforcement_action",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) enforcement_action_register (issue FIM-BASE-ENF-005)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: enforcement-absence",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-001)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Gap: capacity-deficit",
     "instrument_type": "gap",
     "source": "FIM (sentinel.gi) gaps_register_cumulative (issue FIM-BASE-GAP-002)",
     "source_url": null,
     "source_tier": null,
     "retrieved_at": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W12",
   "name": "Correspondent Banking, Settlement & Access",
   "confidence": "High",
   "moved_this_cycle": true,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w12-correspondent-banking-settlement-access",
   "standing_position": "BM re-based the rules governing connection to the national Single Payments Network (Rede Única de Pagamentos, operated over the SIMO infrastructure) via Aviso No. 2/GBM/2026 of 2 June 2026, revoking the prior 2015 framework. SIMO remains the exclusive, nationwide Single Network Operator (Sociedade Interbancária de Moçambique) used by credit institutions and financial companies, and is the connectivity gate for METIX access.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.resbank.co.za/en/home/what-we-do/payments-and-settlements/SADC-RTGS",
     "source_url": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_url": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.trustsphere.ai/post/the-de-risking-dilemma-balancing-correspondent-banking-access-with-financial-crime-controls",
     "source_url": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://www.boz.zm/payment-systems/regional-payment-systems",
     "source_url": "https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mozambique-trade-financing",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "W13",
   "name": "Commercial Intelligence & Fintech",
   "confidence": "Assessed",
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://payments.gi/jurisdictions/mozambique/#w13-commercial-intelligence-fintech",
   "standing_position": "Mozambique's payments/fintech commercial-intelligence flow over the trailing 12 months is limited but active: South African B2B lending-as-a-service fintech Kuunda expanded into Mozambique and secured a US$7.5m pre-Series A round (continent-wide, including Mozambique) in late 2025; savings-group fintech Roscas secured investment from Renew Capital; and the domestic startup base remains small (13 fintech companies per Tracxn, only 1 funded, 1 acquisition).",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_url": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_url": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://tracxn.com/d/explore/fintech-startups-in-mozambique/__yCpaKPFTlkZqAiiUSM-AykzOdW_XbrZPYNwVJfO4-8A#top-companies",
     "source_url": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    },
    {
     "finding": null,
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_url": "https://mena-fintech.org/news/mozambique-turns-to-fintech-to-expand-financial-inclusion/",
     "source_tier": "3",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-07-04"
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}