Merchant Acquiring & Risk

Merchant acquiring across the bloc is increasingly bound by mandatory transaction-monitoring and AML obligations. Nigeria's CBN March 2026 Baseline Standards require automated merchant-level transaction monitoring with full compliance by 2028; South African… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is anchored on SATIM CIB/EDAHABIA and TPE infrastructure; a May 2026 update newly permits acceptance of foreign-issued cards.

Acquiring, aggregation/sub-acquiring and acceptance roles are BCRA-registrable, with applicants required to report merchant fees, settlement times and POS terms. The market features acquirers (Payway/Getnet/Fiserv), gateways and integrated platforms (Mercado… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in APAC operates under scheme rules plus national PSP/PA frameworks; acquiring is a named regulated payment service (e.g. merchant acquisition under Singapore's PS Act). Hong Kong and Singapore are regional acquiring hubs (incl… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Australia operates through bank acquirers (CBA, NAB, Westpac, ANZ) and non-bank players (Tyro, Zeller, Square/Block, Stripe, Adyen, Worldpay). Acquirers are subject to RBA card-payments standards (interchange, surcharging, access… Full module →

Austrian merchant acquiring operates within the EU's directly-applicable interchange and unbundled-pricing rules, with Concardis and Worldline named among the acquirers active alongside domestic banks. Dispute exposure is shaped by SEPA Direct Debit's… Full module →

Merchant acquiring runs through a mix of bank acquirers, MFS platforms, and licensed PSO/PSP payment aggregators (e.g., SSLCommerz, aamarpay, ekpay) operating under Bangladesh Bank-fixed pricing (1.6% MDR / 1.1% IRF for NPSB card transactions), with QR… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Belgium is dominated by Worldline, operating under Visa/Mastercard scheme monitoring regimes for chargeback and high-risk-merchant control; the sector is currently under acute regulatory and prosecutorial scrutiny over high-risk-merchant… Full module →

Acquiring is governed by accreditation agreements between acquirers/sub-acquirers and merchants and by BCB scheme/interchange rules. Acquirers and sub-acquirers (the latter not card-network members) capture, process, settle and credit merchant transactions… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Bulgaria is served by domestic banks, licensed non-bank acquirers and international PSPs via EEA passporting. Settlement remains largely batch-based (T+1 to T+3) despite advanced instant-transfer infrastructure; restricted/high-risk… Full module →

Cambodia's e-commerce and merchant-acquiring market is early-stage but fast-growing (roughly $300 million in online commerce in 2023, projected CAGR above 25% through 2027), mobile-first (over 70% of e-commerce transactions), and QR-led -- KHQR acceptance has… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Cameroon is anchored in the CEMAC Payment Services Regulation's provision for payment institutions to manage ATMs/terminals and provide custody/data-processing services to other PSPs. In practice, mobile-money rails (MTN/Orange agent… Full module →

Acquiring is governed commercially by the revised Code of Conduct for the Payment Card Industry (processor switching, complaint timelines) and scheme rules. Merchant surcharging is permitted up to a cap following the class-action settlement. Direct local… Full module →

Merchant acquiring for Alberta businesses operates under the national Code of Conduct and 2024 interchange concessions, with Calgary's Helcim competing on transparent interchange-plus pricing.

BC merchants access acquiring through the same national processors (Moneris, TD Merchant Services, Global Payments, Elavon, Nuvei, Worldline/Bambora, Stripe/Square/Helcim for SMB), operate under card-scheme surcharge/disclosure rules, and BC's cannabis retail… Full module →

Merchant acquiring practice in Canada, applicable to NB merchants, was materially altered by the interchange-fee settlement's surcharge-rule modifications, which require merchants to give acquirers written notice before imposing card surcharges and permit… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is concentrated among Moneris (~38% share, subject to a possible sale to Francisco Partners), Global Payments and Chase Paymentech, operating under the Code of Conduct; consolidation continues via smaller tuck-ins (Payroc/SterlingCard… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Canada is undergoing structural change as Nuvei (headquartered in Montreal) moves to direct local acquiring, while federally-mandated interchange reductions and a revised Code of Conduct reshape merchant cost and dispute-handling norms… Full module →

Acquiring is regulated through Banco Central Compendio III.J and CMF NCG 541: operators (and the new Sub-Acquiring Operator category) that settle to affiliated merchants must register with the CMF, observe objective non-discriminatory contracting, and meet… Full module →

Merchant/bank-card acquiring is folded into the 'payment transaction processing' category; UnionPay-affiliated acquirers and major state banks operate the bulk of infrastructure; risk-control enforcement is active.

Acquiring was historically restricted to SFC-supervised entities operating through Redeban/Credibanco; Decreto 1692 de 2020 opened it by creating a Registro de Adquirente no Vigilados, allowing non-supervised actors to perform acquiring subject to… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Costa Rica operates through bank-affiliated gateways subject to SUGEF oversight, with acquiring/interchange fees capped by BCCR regulation. Riskier or ecommerce-ineligible merchant categories face ad hoc bank-level rejection rather than… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Croatia follows the standard EU high-risk merchant onboarding/underwriting model (KYC/KYB, rolling reserves, Interchange++), with domestic acquiring/gateway providers such as CorvusPay serving the market alongside cross-border high-risk… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Curacao is structurally shaped by its status as a leading global online-gaming licensing hub: gaming merchants are near-universally classified high-risk by Visa and Mastercard's respective risk programs, forcing a standard advisory… Full module →

Domestic merchant acquiring is dominated by JCC Payment Systems, the primary card processor and acquirer for Visa, Mastercard, Diners and China UnionPay, providing the JCC Gateway (online card capture and 3-D Secure), JCCsmart (public-sector/biller… Full module →

Czech merchant acquiring is served by domestic PSP/gateway players such as GoPay and Comgate operating under CNB payment-institution/EMI authorisation, layering PCI DSS-compliant card acquiring atop the EU Interchange Fee Regulation cap regime, with standard… Full module →

Nets holds a de facto monopoly as sole acquirer of the Dankort domestic scheme, with contractual terms (including chargeback/objection procedures, PCI DSS pass-through obligations and customer-due-diligence requirements on merchants) set out in standard… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is directly regulated under SIPARD, which authorises/capitalises acquirers and aggregators, with 2025 reforms easing capital for cross-border acquiring; the market is concentrated among three bank-affiliated processors, with independent… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Ecuador runs through bank card-operator licensees and a growing non-bank acquiring layer led by Kushki and PayPhone.

Merchant acquiring is conducted by banks and licensed PSPs/facilitators under CBE oversight; the historic model required PSPs to operate under a bank, with banks contracting and supervising PSPs, controlling merchant selection and AML compliance. Acquiring… Full module →

Merchant acquiring delivered by domestic banks (LHV) and EMI/card-issuing platforms (Wallester); safeguarding-account/virtual-IBAN structures support orchestration players like Montonio.

EEA merchant acquiring operates within the IFR/PCI DSS framework, with chargeback/dispute mechanics governed by Visa/Mastercard scheme rulebooks and onboarding/KYC under PSD2 and national AML law. The market is roughly half the size of the US by card volume… Full module →

Merchant acquiring licensed as a payment service under PIA; incoming gambling regime formalises payment-blocking as enforcement tool.

The French acquiring market is dominated by domestic PSPs/banks (Worldline being Europe's largest acquirer); foreign acquirers often need a French PI/EMI to serve the French retail space efficiently. Merchant card acceptance requires PCI DSS compliance and… Full module →

Acquiring in Germany operates under the EU IFR (interchange caps) and PSD2/ZAG, with girocard acceptance handled via the DK/DC POS approval regime and international-scheme acquiring (Visa/Mastercard) processed by acquirers offering sub-1% effective rates… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is governed by BoG's Guideline on Operations of Electronic Payment Channels, which licenses acquirers and Payment Terminal Service Providers, mandates SLAs, T+1 merchant settlement and POS certification, and bars card schemes from… Full module →

Merchant acquiring for Gibraltar businesses is served largely by international/offshore acquirers and PSPs operating under card-scheme rules and PCI DSS, with anti-fraud rules engines, chargeback/dispute handling and high-risk-merchant treatment managed at… Full module →

Merchant acquiring has consolidated around international processors partnered with the four systemic banks (Worldline/Eurobank now fully independent, Nexi/Alpha, Euronet/NBG and, pending Q3 2026, Euronet/CrediaBank). The Nov/Dec 2025 statutory IRIS-acceptance… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Hong Kong is dominated by global processors (Global Payments, Fiserv) for card acquiring, with EPS the sole acquirer for domestic POS debit, and near-universal UnionPay acceptance to serve mainland visitors. Acquiring is not subject to a… Full module →

Hungarian card acceptance runs through a concentrated set of bank-affiliated acquirers alongside international scheme partnerships (UnionPay); a 2021 mandate requires online retailers to accept electronic payments, and card-cash volume penetration has risen… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Iceland is concentrated among foreign-owned Teya and Rapyd plus Kvika's Straumur subsidiary and the three commercial banks; PCI DSS and scheme chargeback/dispute rules govern day-to-day operations, while the IMF has flagged reliance on… Full module →

Acquiring is governed by the PA Directions (escrow settlement, merchant KYC/onboarding by the PA) and card-scheme rulebooks (Visa/Mastercard/RuPay) for the chargeback/dispute cycle. RBI mandates an Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) system for digital payments… Full module →

Merchant acquisition is one of the seven regulated payment services under the PS Act, defined as accepting and processing payment transactions for a merchant under a contractual agreement resulting in transfer of money to the merchant. Acquiring/onboarding… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Ireland is dominated by global/fintech acquirers (Stripe, Adyen) alongside traditional banks, operating under EU PSD2 (SCA), PCI DSS and Visa/Mastercard scheme rules. Card-scheme dispute/monitoring regimes — Visa VAMP (full enforcement… Full module →

There is no Isle of Man-specific merchant-acquiring licence or dedicated regulatory regime; Manx merchants (heavily eGaming/high-risk-sector weighted) obtain card acceptance via UK/international acquiring banks and specialist high-risk PSP intermediaries… Full module →

Nexi is Italy's leading merchant acquirer, offering PCI-DSS-tiered integration paths (hosted page, SAQ-A iFrame, SAQ-D server-to-server) via its XPay gateway; the wider acquiring market blends Nexi/SIA-legacy processing with major bank acquirers (Intesa… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Côte d'Ivoire is bank-led for cards (Visa/Mastercard via GIM-UEMOA switching) but practically dominated by mobile-money merchant acceptance (QR and USSD). Opening a merchant ID requires BCEAO-aligned compliance: local entity… Full module →

Merchant acquiring sits under the Installment Sales Act (for card acquiring) combined with the PSA for wallet/funds-transfer services; merchants typically partner with FSA-licensed PSPs or domestic bank acquirers. Onboarding is rigorous, with detailed KYC… Full module →

Domestic merchant-acquiring regulation is thin in the public record beyond the general payment-organisation licensing/agent-liability regime and scheme-level PCI DSS obligations; no Kazakhstan-specific interchange cap, surcharging rule, or high-risk-MCC… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Kenya spans bank-led acquiring (Equity/Jambopay, KCB) and non-bank gateways (Pesapal, DPO Group/Tingg via Cellulant, Flutterwave, Paystack, i&M/Direct Pay). Acceptance is dominated by Lipa na M-Pesa till/paybill plus card… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Laos is bank-led and closed to direct foreign merchant licensing: merchants must process payments through BOL-licensed PSPs or banks, direct acquiring licences for merchants are unavailable, and foreign merchants generally require local… Full module →

Brazilian acquiring is structurally distinct: chargeback liability is merchant-side on cards, while push-payment rails (Pix, Boleto) carry effectively zero chargeback exposure because they are CPF/CNPJ-anchored push rails. Receivables-advance (anticipation)… Full module →

No Latvia-specific acquiring statute; EU IFR/PSD2 harmonised baseline governs merchant acquiring.

Liechtenstein has no bespoke national merchant-acquiring statute distinct from the EEA PSD2/PCI-DSS baseline; card-present and contactless usage is rising, but the market structure for acquiring is dominated by Swiss/EEA-linked bank-provided merchant services… Full module →

Merchant acquiring sits within the PSD2 Annex I service catalogue (acquiring is a licensable PI/EMI service) and the EU Interchange Fee Regulation governs merchant service charge transparency, including individually-specified MSC components and prohibition of… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Luxembourg is led by Worldline (which acquired SIX Payment Services in 2018-19, taking the No.1 commercial-acquiring position in Luxembourg). Acquirers operate standard scheme economics (interchange + scheme fee + merchant service… Full module →

Macau has no dedicated merchant-acquiring or chargeback-dispute regulatory framework distinct from general Financial System Act supervision of payment institutions and banks. Acquiring is shaped mainly by Macau Pass/Alipay+ wallet-interoperability… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is a registered (not licensed) activity under section 17 FSA 2013, with BNM's Policy Document on Merchant Acquiring Services (issued 15 September 2021) setting governance, operational-risk, IT-management, minimum-capital (non-bank) and… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Malta is conducted by FIA-licensed financial institutions and global PSPs, within the EU IFR framework (merchant service charge transparency, unblending on request) and card-scheme rulebooks (chargeback windows, 3DS/SCA, dispute… Full module →

Acquiring operates via the Card Networks regime under CNBV/Banxico, with aggregators/payment facilitators dominating SME onboarding through low-cost mobile readers, instant KYC and same-day settlement. Mobile/portable devices were ~68% of 2025 POS… Full module →

Merchant acquiring was historically monopolised by CMI (~55,000 merchant contracts, ~65,000 POS terminals) but is being opened to competing payment institutions and bank acquiring subsidiaries (Al Filahi Cash, Attijari Payment, Damane Cash, Chaabi Payment… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Mozambique runs through the SIMO/Euronet national switch connecting banks and EMIs to POS/ATM infrastructure. Physical card-acceptance infrastructure has contracted slightly even as digital-wallet usage surges: POS terminals fell from… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Myanmar operates under the CBM's Merchant Acquiring Service directive (Notification 7/2020), with bank acquirers (e.g. Yoma Bank, MOB, AYA) and four CBM-authorised non-bank acquirers running POS/QR acceptance alongside international… Full module →

Merchant acquiring runs through NRB-licensed PSPs/PSOs under the NepalQR framework, with acquirers responsible for merchant enrolment, ID assignment and settlement; a 2026 E-commerce Act mandates use of NRB-licensed payment gateways, and a zero-additional-fee… Full module →

Dutch-headquartered Adyen is a leading acquirer offering direct acquiring in many markets under a merchant-of-record model. Merchant onboarding assigns a risk profile with preset fraud-control rules, KYC/KYB verification and, for higher-risk exposure, an MPL… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is provided by the major banks (BNZ, ASB, ANZ, Westpac) and increasingly by independents — Smartpay began acquiring in NZ from 2023/2025, breaking the bank-only acquiring model. Acceptance economics are shaped by the RPSA interchange caps… Full module →

Acquiring is restricted to CBN-licensed institutions and is card-neutral; PTSPs deploy/maintain POS terminals while NIBSS and (since April 2024) Unified Payments act as Payment Terminal Service Aggregators routing and settling POS transactions. Merchants must… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Norway runs through commercial banks for domestic BankAxept transactions (bilateral fee-setting, no interchange) and through international-scheme acquirers/PSPs for Visa/Mastercard traffic, with global scheme chargeback-monitoring… Full module →

Merchant acquiring runs through 1LINK's switch; government/SBP subsidise P2M Raast adoption against a >85% cash-based economy.

Merchant acquiring in Panama is delivered through bank-affiliated gateways (Banco General/Yappy Comercial, Banistmo, BAC Credomatic, Credicorp) plus independent processors (Wompi, Pagadito, Paguelofacil), with standard percentage-plus-tax merchant discount… Full module →

Card acquiring concentrated among Niubiz (market leader), Culqi (Credicorp-owned) and Izipay, all PCI DSS certified. Onboarding-to-settlement speed varies materially; QR-based wallet rails (Yape, Plin) operate largely outside formal card-scheme chargeback… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is brought into the BSP perimeter via the Merchant Acquisition License (MAL) under the NPSA/MORPS framework: OPS engaged in merchant payment acceptance activities (MPAA) must apply to the BSP, with two fee categories keyed to monthly value… Full module →

Acquiring is consolidated and operationally mature, dominated by Nexi/Nets-owned PeP, eService (PKO/EVO, largest in CEE), PayU and Przelewy24/Autopay for e-commerce. Merchant onboarding, chargeback/dispute and high-risk-MCC handling run through scheme rules… Full module →

Card acquiring in Portugal is structurally dependent on SIBS scheme access for Multibanco/MB WAY acceptance, a dependency that was central to the 2024 AdC tying-abuse finding. International acquirers (Adyen, Worldline, and others) compete alongside… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is bank-led (QNB the leader) with fintechs now able to acquire via direct NAPS/QPay integration. QCB merchant approval is required to add new merchants to a PSP's systems. Card-present and online dispute/chargeback handling falls under… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is offered by bank acquirers (Banca Transilvania Merchant Services, BRD, Raiffeisen, UniCredit, ING) and fintech gateways/aggregators (Netopia/MobilPay, PayU Romania, plus Adyen/Stripe). Onboarding is PSD2/SCA- and GDPR-compliant… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is concentrated among Sberbank, VTB, Alfa-Bank and TBank, with Sberbank ranked among Europe's largest acquirers by transaction volume. Interchange-driven commission compression has pushed internet-acquiring rates toward ~1% at major banks… Full module →

Merchant acceptance in Rwanda is dominated by mobile-money merchant accounts (MTN MoMo Pay, Airtel Money Merchant) onboarded via registered phone number and QR/USSD, with card acquiring (Visa/Mastercard, 3D Secure) concentrated in urban/tourism/diaspora… Full module →

Acquiring is bank-led, dominated by Al Rajhi (~41% POS share) with Geidea providing the bulk of POS/softPOS hardware (~75%). mada integration is effectively mandatory for domestic card acceptance, alongside dual integration with Visa/Mastercard for… Full module →

Acquiring centralised via GIM-UEMOA ACU/ACI schemes; new 0.5%/1.5% mobile-money transaction taxes from Sept 2025.

Serbian merchant acquiring operates through bank-acquirers under the card-scheme rules constrained by the Law on Interchange Fees (unblending/transparency obligations toward merchants) and increasingly through the lower-cost NBS IPS QR-code rail as an… Full module →

Merchant acquisition is one of the seven regulated payment services under the PS Act, requiring an MPI/SPI licence. Acquiring economics run through the merchant discount rate (MDR), which bundles scheme interchange, network/assessment fees and acquirer… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Slovakia operates under the directly-applicable EU Interchange Fee Regulation, which caps consumer card interchange and mandates merchant fee transparency and unbundling; Slovak-specific acquiring/chargeback operational detail beyond the… Full module →

Merchant card acquiring in Slovenia is processed principally through Bankart's Card Settlement payment system on behalf of participating banks, with dispute/chargeback and refund mechanics governed by the EEA-wide SEPA direct-debit refund rules and PSD2 SCA… Full module →

Merchant acquiring follows the standard four-party model with the acquiring bank/PSP supplying the terminal and settling funds net of fees to the merchant. The acquiring market has shifted substantially from bank-only provision (Absa, Standard Bank, Nedbank)… Full module →

Acquiring/merchant onboarding is shaped by the unique no-interchange structure: ~13 card processors enroll merchants for card acceptance via bilateral connections to issuers, with the FSC-regulated merchant discount flowing back to issuers. Payment-fee… Full module →

Redsys dominates card acquiring under IFR-compressed margins; Bizum/Amazon integration signals A2A erosion of card-scheme acquiring volume.

Merchant acquiring is licensed under the Payment Cards and Mobile Payment Systems Regulations, with a blend of bank acquirers and fintech PSPs offering preferential LankaPay-linked fees; fraud risk is moderate but growing, with 3DS/velocity checks… Full module →

No bespoke Swedish merchant-acquiring statute exists beyond the general EU/PSD2 payment-services and interchange framework; acquiring risk and high-risk-merchant treatment in Sweden run on the standard Visa/Mastercard scheme risk-monitoring programmes… Full module →

Card acceptance requires an acceptance contract with an acquirer (governing fees, security and chargebacks) or routing through a Payment Facilitator/collecting PSP that signs on the acquirer's behalf — enabling single-contract acceptance of Visa, Mastercard… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Taiwan operates through FSC-licensed PSPs under the credit-card-business regulatory framework, with card-scheme dispute/chargeback-monitoring programmes (Visa VDMP, Mastercard ECM) applying to Taiwan-based acquirers as they do globally… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Tanzania runs through banks, MNO wallets and aggregators (Selcom ~25,000+ POS terminals, ClickPesa, DPO, Maxcom/MVISA). Merchant payments are increasingly QR-driven via TANQR (static and dynamic codes) and Lipa Namba over TIPS, lowering… Full module →

Acquiring in Thailand is a PSA-designated payment service requiring a Designated Payment Service Licence; acquirers must route settlement through licensed banks, comply with PCI DSS, maintain fraud-prevention and cardholder-data protection, store and report… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Tunisia is bank/SMT-centric: SMT (Monétique Tunisie) operates the central switch for POS terminals, ATMs and e-commerce gateways, masking card data from merchants via an SSL-secured payment page; e-commerce growth (2.2 million online… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is conducted by banks and CBRT-licensed payment facilitators/PIs; the Turkish Competition Board treats PFs and banks as competitors in this market while PFs depend on banks' POS access. Dispute/chargeback handling is centralised through… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Uganda is split between traditional bank acquirers (operating standard chargeback/dispute contracts) and a growing agent/aggregator layer regulated under the Financial Institutions (Agent Banking) Regulations, 2017. High-risk verticals… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is dominated by bank-affiliated players (PrivatBank, expanding monobank) processing over Hrn 1 trillion annually through stationary terminals, while the largest independent payment-terminal networks (EasyPay, City24) have come under intense… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is a licensed retail payment service under the RPSCS Regulation, with the merged Network International/Magnati the dominant acquirer/processor alongside bank-owned and fintech acquirers (Mashreq/NeoPay, Magnati, Mamo, Telr). Acquirers… Full module →

UK merchant acquiring is provided by FCA-authorised payment institutions and bank-PSPs under PSRs 2017 (acquiring is a Schedule 1 regulated service). Acquirers operate within Mastercard/Visa scheme rules and PCI DSS, with onboarding/risk and chargeback… Full module →

US merchant acquiring is led by Fiserv (largest non-bank acquirer), FIS/Worldpay, JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, and fintech-native players Stripe, Block (Square) and Toast. Acquirers settle on behalf of digital payment companies and ISOs. The market is… Full module →

Alabama has no dedicated merchant-acquiring statute distinct from general commercial law; acquiring risk practice defaults to federal card-network rules and the Deceptive Trade Practices Act for merchant conduct. The clearest emerging state-level… Full module →

Alaska has no dedicated merchant-acquiring licensing or high-risk-MCC regime; acquiring/onboarding risk practice defaults to federal law and card-network rules, layered with the state's narrow 2025/2026 interchange-on-tax/gratuity carve-out (HB171) that… Full module →

Arizona merchant acquiring operates within the state's permissive credit-card surcharging regime and standard card-network risk rules. A distinct high-risk-merchant segment exists in state-licensed cannabis businesses, which face constrained access to… Full module →

Arkansas has no state-specific merchant-acquiring or ISO-licensing regime; acquiring risk management (chargeback thresholds, MATCH-list placement, rolling reserves) operates under nationwide card-scheme rules rather than state law, with the Attorney General's… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in California operates under federal card-network rules (Visa/Mastercard), the Durbin Amendment for debit, PCI DSS for cardholder-data security, and California's SB 478 all-in-pricing constraint on surcharging/fee disclosure. Acquirers must… Full module →

Merchant acquiring conduct in Colorado is shaped principally by the C.R.S. 5-2-212 surcharge regime (which binds acquirers and merchants on discount-fee pass-through, disclosure and receipt itemization) and by UCCC-based interpretive limits on charging… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Connecticut operates under the general bank-sponsorship/ISO model (no CT-specific acquirer charter), overlaid by the state's strict no-surcharge law which materially shapes merchant fee pass-through options; Greenwich-based ISO PayArc is… Full module →

Delaware has no distinct state-level merchant-acquiring statute; acquiring, chargeback, and high-risk-merchant treatment (MATCH/TMF listing, reserve accounts, PCI DSS) are governed by card-network rules and federal law, applied uniformly to Delaware… Full module →

DC merchant acquiring operates under the national OCC/FDIC merchant-processing risk-management framework (card-network MATCH/high-risk-merchant monitoring, chargeback liability rules) with DC's own contribution being CPPA-based surcharge-disclosure… Full module →

Florida has no bespoke statutory chargeback-dispute regime; merchant-acquiring risk controls flow from card-network rules plus general consumer/telemarketing statutes, with a high-profile Florida-based chargeback-management firm the subject of federal/state… Full module →

Georgia's merchant-acquiring landscape is dominated by home-grown global acquirers, now consolidated further via the Global Payments/Worldpay transaction, operating under Georgia's actual-cost surcharge/convenience-fee disclosure regime enforced by the… Full module →

Hawaii has no bespoke merchant-acquiring license or high-risk-MCC statute; acquiring/merchant-services activity is governed by card-network rules, the general HRS 480 UDAP framework for merchant-consumer disputes, and a favorable general-excise-tax treatment… Full module →

Idaho has no dedicated merchant-acquiring statute; acquiring is delivered through bank/credit-union partnerships with national processors under general federal card-network rules.

Illinois merchant-acquiring dynamics were reshaped by the May 2025 completion of Capital One's acquisition of Riverwoods-based Discover Financial Services (merging Discover Bank into Capital One, National Association), which consolidates a major… Full module →

Permissive surcharging framework layered on an ISO market consolidating into national acquirers.

Merchant acquiring in Iowa operates through the standard US ISO/sponsor-bank model (exemplified by VizyPay as an ISO of Pathward, N.A.), with surcharging permitted as a fee-offset tool for small/rural merchants, and state-government merchant acceptance… Full module →

Kansas merchants gained the legal ability to add credit-card surcharges from January 1, 2025 subject to clear point-of-sale disclosure, operating alongside continued federal debit no-surcharge/interchange-cap rules and card-network-imposed surcharge… Full module →

Kentucky does not license MCA providers or impose acquirer-specific high-risk-MCC rules; it added commercial-financing cost-disclosure obligations to its general Financing Law for sub-$500,000 commercial financing, while MCA collection conduct falls under… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Louisiana operates under the general federal/card-network interchange and surcharge framework rather than a bespoke state acquiring regime; local acquiring is served by a mix of national ISOs/PSPs and Louisiana-based merchant-services… Full module →

Merchant acquiring economics are directly shaped by the card-surcharge ban; check-cashing/cash-dispensing registrants operate under separate fee-capped registration.

Maryland has no bespoke merchant-acquiring statute; acquiring risk practice follows the card networks' national rulebook (Honor All Cards, surcharge caps) as recently amended by the pending national interchange antitrust settlement, and the state's failed… Full module →

Massachusetts has no bespoke merchant-acquirer licensing regime; acquiring risk practice is shaped indirectly by the state's credit-card surcharge ban (c.140D §28A) and DOB convenience-fee guidance, which materially constrain how in-state merchants and their… Full module →

Michigan's merchant-acquiring risk framework is defined largely by consumer-facing surcharge disclosure rules rather than a distinct acquiring-license regime; merchants operate under the general bank-sponsorship/card-network model, with MI-specific… Full module →

Minnesota has no acquiring-specific state statute; merchant risk management operates through the state's surcharge-disclosure rules layered on top of national card-network mechanics (MATCH/TMF listing, rolling reserves, chargeback thresholds) and federal… Full module →

Mississippi has no dedicated merchant-acquiring statute; acquiring practices are governed by card-network rules and the state's permissive-but-disclosure-conditioned surcharge regime, with the notable feature that government entities (unlike most permissive… Full module →

No dedicated merchant-acquirer or ISO licensing regime; risk sits with federal Reg II/Durbin limits and card-network rules.

Montana merchant acquiring operates under the general federal card-network framework, with the state's own footprint limited to the surcharge disclosure practice; no distinct MCC/chargeback statute identified.

Nebraska has no state-specific merchant-acquiring licensing regime distinct from the general federal/card-network framework; acquiring operations, high-risk-MCC treatment, MATCH-list screening, and chargeback/dispute mechanics in the state operate under the… Full module →

Nevada permits regulated card surcharging while cannabis merchants remain the acute high-risk-merchant segment excluded from mainstream acquiring.

NH merchant acquiring operates under federal Durbin rules and unrestricted state-level surcharging, governed by card-network disclosure requirements and RSA 358-A; no NH-specific acquiring or high-risk-merchant regime exists.

Merchant acquiring risk is chiefly shaped by the state's cost-based credit-card surcharge cap regime, with active legislative momentum toward tightening or eliminating pass-through entirely.

NM merchant acquiring follows federal/card-network baseline; cannabis businesses face enhanced due diligence and elevated processing costs as the clearest high-risk-merchant case.

NY merchant acquiring operates under federal card-scheme/PCI rules plus NY state conduct overlays. The key state-level merchant operations constraint is GBL §518 surcharge disclosure (effective Feb 11, 2024), requiring posted credit-inclusive pricing or dual… Full module →

NC has no state-specific merchant-acquiring/chargeback/high-risk-MCC statute; acquiring operates under federal/card-network rules layered on the emerging HB13 surcharge-disclosure regime, against active acquirer consolidation.

North Dakota imposes no bespoke merchant-acquiring statute: credit-card surcharging is permitted by default (subject to federal/network disclosure rules) while debit surcharging remains nationally prohibited under the Durbin Amendment and network rules. The… Full module →

Ohio hosts one of the world's largest non-bank merchant acquirers (Worldpay, now part of Global Payments) headquartered in Cincinnati, while the state's own merchant-facing legal framework is permissive: credit-card surcharging is broadly allowed with minimal… Full module →

Oklahoma's merchant-acquiring landscape was reshaped by the November 2025 surcharge-law overhaul (2% cap, mandatory disclosure) replacing decades of unenforceable prohibition, alongside new transaction and fee caps for digital-asset kiosk operators. Cannabis… Full module →

Oregon merchant acquiring follows the general federal/card-network framework (no state-specific acquiring statute), but the state's legal cannabis retail sector is treated as a high-risk merchant category nationally: major card networks bar cannabis… Full module →

Pennsylvania has no dedicated state statute governing merchant acquiring; acquiring conduct is governed by national card-network rules (Visa/Mastercard chargeback-monitoring and MATCH-list programs) layered with general Commonwealth commercial and… Full module →

Rhode Island has no distinct state-level merchant-acquirer or ISO licensing regime; payment processors settling funds on behalf of merchants generally fall under the general currency-transmission licensing exemption for processing/clearing/settlement… Full module →

SC has a regulatory gap for merchant cash advance funders/brokers: no licensing, bonding, or registration requirement, unlike SC's regulated payday-lending regime.

South Dakota has no state-specific merchant-acquiring statute, high-risk-MCC rule, or chargeback/dispute framework; acquiring activity touching the state is governed by federal/network rules, with Wells Fargo (an entity with major Sioux Falls operations)… Full module →

Tennessee's merchant-acquiring rulebook combines a pioneering cash-acceptance mandate (2016) with disclosure-based surcharge rules and a processor fee-transparency statute; debit/prepaid surcharging remains barred by uniform card-network rules and the federal… Full module →

Texas has no bespoke merchant-acquiring licensing regime distinct from federal/network rules; acquiring risk controls flow through card-network merchant-onboarding rules, the state's conditionally-enforceable credit-card surcharge cap, and TDB's general MSB… Full module →

Utah has no dedicated merchant-acquirer licensing or high-risk-MCC statute; acquiring-related consumer risk is addressed only indirectly through DFI's general oversight of payment service providers and DCP's surcharge-disclosure enforcement.

Vermont has no bespoke merchant-acquiring statute; acquiring/chargeback dynamics run through national card-network rules and federal law, overlaid with VT's Chapter 63 and §2480p.

Virginia has no bespoke merchant-acquiring licensing regime or high-risk-MCC statute; acquiring activity is governed by the state's general credit-card crimes code (acquirer/issuer definitions and fraud offences) and, since July 2025, by the SB 1212… Full module →

Merchant acquiring in Washington follows the standard US card-network model with DOR B&O tax carve-outs for acquirers/processors; the highest-risk merchant segment DFI actively tracks is cannabis retail, for which the state has codified specific… Full module →

West Virginia has no state-specific merchant-acquiring licensing or high-risk-merchant regime; acquiring, onboarding-risk and chargeback/dispute mechanics for WV merchants are governed entirely by card-network programs (Visa VDMP/VFMP, Mastercard Excessive… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is anchored by Fiserv/Clover under a permissive surcharge regime, facing litigation over fee transparency.

No dedicated Wyoming state statute or regulator governs merchant-acquiring practices, high-risk-merchant onboarding, or chargeback/dispute mechanics beyond the general federal card-network framework and Wyoming's cash-discount cap (see W4). High-risk-merchant… Full module →

Merchant acceptance rules are set at the Ley 19.210 level (no obligation to accept electronic payment, no minimum-purchase thresholds, no cash-discount steering), while the acquiring market itself is transitioning from a Fiserv/Mastercard-exclusive structure… Full module →

Merchant acquiring runs through bank-partnered gateways (e.g., InstaPago via Banesco) processing Visa/Mastercard in bolívares, with BCV directly capping non-bank POS-terminal fees. Small-merchant commentary points to high effective card-acceptance costs… Full module →

Merchant acquiring is being reshaped by VietQR P2M (person-to-merchant) rollout, which adds POS/e-invoicing integration, refund and complaint-handling features that simple P2P transfers lack. NAPAS and partner banks enabled 30,000+ merchants for cross-border… Full module →

Card acquiring/issuing restricted to BoZ-licensed banks; fintechs access rails via BIN-sponsorship; POS share of card transactions growing; acceptance concentrated in urban/tourist centres.